SciGaze Group

  The shape  of the universe: The observable universe can be imagined as a sphere that stretches outwards from any observation point for 46.5 billion light-years, moving farther back in time and becoming more redshifted as one looks further away. We'll start with the three most fundamental sorts. The Universe can have one of three shapes: -A flat Universe (Euclidean or zero curvature), -A spherical or closed Universe (positive curvature), or -A hyperbolic or open Universe (negative curvature). The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) of NASA measured background fluctuations to see if the universe is open or closed. Scientists stated in 2013 that the universe was flat with a 0.4 per cent margin of error. The observable universe is finite in the sense that it has not existed indefinitely. It stretches 46 billion light years in all directions from us. While our universe is 13.8 billion years old, the observable universe extends further due to the expansion of t...

Introduction: About 85 per cent of the universe’s mass is believed to be made up of dark matter, a hypothetical type of stuff. Dark matter is so-called because it doesn’t interact with the electromagnetic field, meaning it doesn’t emit electromagnetic radiation like light or absorb electromagnetic radiation like it does. As a result, it is hard to detect. Numerous astrophysical observations support the existence of dark matter, including gravitational effects that cannot be described by the gravity theories currently in use without the presence of more matter than can be observed. Because of this, most scientists believe that dark matter is prevalent in the universe and has significantly influenced its structure and evolution. Calculations demonstrating that many galaxies would behave entirely differently if they did not include a significant amount of unseen substance are the main source of evidence for dark matter. Galaxies would not have formed in many cases, and some would not have...

There are many early theories of the origin of the solar system like, Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace The Planetesimal Hypothesis of Chamberlin and Moulton The Capture Theory of See. Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace: The nebular theory is a theory that explains how solar systems arise. The name "nebula" comes from the Latin word "cloud," because stars are formed from clouds of interstellar gas and dust, according to the explanation.  Pierre Simon de Laplace suggested the Nebular Hypothesis in 1796 as an explanation for how the solar system was formed. According to Laplace, the material that made up the solar system was once a slowly revolving cloud, or nebula, of extremely hot gas. The gas began to cool, and the nebula shrank. What is now known as Laplace's nebular hypothesis, a theory of the solar system's genesis? The planets, according to Laplace, condensed from the initial solar atmosphere, which once extended far beyond the present-day system's limits. I...

 Introduction: Measuring the velocity of a star with respect to the motion of Earth and the solar system is a very important task for astronomers. For decades astronomers are always trying to measure the velocity of stars with maximum accuracy. Astronomers use a very famous concept called Doppler shift to measure velocity. You might have heard of the Doppler effect (change in sound intensity of any object as it approaches or moves away from the observer). Similarly, the Doppler shift tells whether the object is approaching or is moving away from the observer. Redshift if it is moving away and blue shift if it is approaching the observer. But the standard Doppler method has few drawbacks. Several white dwarfs showed excess gravitational redshifts. This makes it difficult for astronomers to calculate the velocity. Astronomers faced the same problem in the case of Sirius A and Sirius B. To solve this problem, astronomers developed a new method to measure a star's speed along the line ...

 Paper Name:-  Efficient autonomous navigation for planetary rovers with limited resources Author Name:-  Levin Gerdes, Martin  Azkarat, José Ricardo Sánchez‐Ibáñez, Luc Joudrier, Carlos Jesús Perez‐del‐Pulgar DOI:-  10.1002/rob.21981 (Please refer to the paper for the reference that I have mentioned in the review and want to know more about the topic) Introduction:- The ExoMars rover, one of the European Space Agency's most famous missions to date, will launch in 2022. ExoMars is a six-wheeled rover with a sophisticated drill system and laboratory equipment that will study Mars' underground soil in search of life. The Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), launched in early 2018, will serve as a communication relay, allowing bidirectional contact between the rover and the ground. Communication with the rover may only be possible twice every Sol due to limits on the allocation of deep space antennas and the TGO's orbital track (Martian day). The rover can only relay tele...

Life and Earth System: It is now universally acknowledged that life has had a significant impact on the Earth's system. Vernadsky established this idea – that life is the geological force – in his landmark work "The Biosphere" many years ago. Lovelock gave a specific example of such an effect, the changing of atmospheric composition by life, concerning the exceptionally high concentration of molecular oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere, nearly four decades ago. When compared to other planetary atmospheres in the solar system, this state represents chemical disequilibrium concerning other constituents of the atmosphere. Photosynthetic activity, which accounts for the majority of life on Earth, is directly tied to the creation of molecular oxygen. Photosynthetic activity harnesses the power of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into chemical-free energy in the form of carbohydrate and molecular oxygen, which is then released into the atmosphere. If photosynthesi...

  X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)        To understand the XRD we need to learn about the history of crystals. Question 1:- Why Do Crystals Have Regular External Shapes?    # There is a famous postulate by Robert Hooke “Because they have a regular arrangement of ‘building blocks’(atoms in the modern language)” { Robert Hooke father of ‘Microscopy’, wrote the first book on the microscopy study of material }                X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) who was a Professor at Würzburg University in Germany. In his laboratory he was working with a cathode-ray tube in his laboratory, crystals on a table near his tube were started glowing like a fluorescent glow. The tube on which Roentgen was working was filled with positive and negative electrodes encapsulated in a glass envelope (bulb). When a high voltage has applied the air in the tube wa...