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Assisting Neuroimaging through DL

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Introduction: In recent years, neuroimaging has been a research attraction, especially due to fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) advancements. The fMRI data comprises of often several individuals. This data is used by researchers to study the association between the cognitive states of an individual and the underlying brain activities. The fMRI data used for neuroimaging is ideally suited for deep learning applications. The large, structured datasets of fMRI can be used for representation-learning methods of the DL. Generally, DL can be defined as a learning method with multiple levels of abstraction, where at each level the input data is transformed by a simple non-linear function which enables the model to recognize complex patterns. With higher-level representation, DL methods can associate a target variable with variable patterns in input data. Also, DL techniques can independently acquire these transformations from the data, eliminating the need for a comprehensive preex
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How Visual Cortex inspired the Convolutional Neural Networks

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Introduction Since the 1960s, after the successful development (at least with respect to the existing technologies of that time) of the first perceptron by Frank Rosenblatt, researchers around the world have been trying to make computers more brain-like. In other words, they are constantly trying to develop programs and hardware that work much like our brains. However, creating a machine that thinks and programs like a human brain is still impossible, given the limitations of present technologies. But, we are successful in this direction up to an agreeable extent. The perceptron developed by Rosenblatt can be considered one of the first implementations of neural networks. It was a huge hardware model, rather than a Python program like today's perceptrons.  Rosenblatt's perceptron was a simple binary input-output system, with various limitations. It was not trainable for different patterns, rather but for simple image recognization. The major drawback was its inability to perfor
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Exoplanets' Structures

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Exoplanets' structures In the coming decade, observational campaigns will help us further our understanding of planet structure, both within and outside of our solar system. The long-standing question of how much water there is in Jupiter should be answered thanks to the Juno mission, which will offer critical new insights into Jupiter's interior structure. The recently authorized Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite will locate several planets outside of our solar system that is located around stars that are close enough and bright enough to allow for follow-up studies from the ground or using the James Webb Space Telescope. Our knowledge of these planets' bulk compositions and architectures will be influenced by what we learn about their masses (through radial velocity measurements) and atmospheres. Finally, in some circumstances, large exoplanets, like those in the HR 8799 system, that are sufficiently remote from their stars and sufficiently self-luminous, may be dir
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Confronting Biodiversity Challenges in Marine Video Monitoring

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Introduction Our current generation is facing the challenges of climate change and global warming. The series of feedback events due to the constant degradation of the environment resulted in anthropogenic defaunation and declination in the quality of the entire ecosystem. For centuries, humans have been keeping a watch on species using various methods like drawings, writings and paintings. Then photographs and videos were introduced to study and track various species. The introduction of video tracking played an impactful role in studying marine biodiversity. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth, which is around 361 million sq km. Monitoring marine species has been a challenge for researchers for decades. Ocean provides a home to a wide range of species, some are even yet to be discovered. Video surveys are making things easy for the researchers. They have the capability to monitor underwater activities with much greater accuracy and precision. These surveys can search for species and monito
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