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Deep Neural Networks for ADMET properties' prediction

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Introduction The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties of any compound contributes to its potential as an orally administered drug. A set of criteria defined by Rule of Five or the Pfizer's Rule of Five stats that any compound meeting these criteria are more likely to have ADMET properties. The importance of these properties has increased in modern medicinal chemistry and new machine learning techniques are employed to predict these properties. The predictive ADMET models have helped in discovery of small molecules with improved safety and dose. Deep Neural Networks are showing usefulness in such predictions due to improved computational efficiency, larger datasets and adaption of image processing in the chemistry. Early Models The early DNNs employed showed improved prediction performance. Many researchers raised concerned that this improvement is in fact has no relation with better computational capacity, rather it is result of mere memorizing of...
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Marine eDNA Analysis using DL techniques

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Introduction Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the genetic information or material released by an organism into its surroundings through activities like skin shedding, mucus, urine or other secretions. These materials contain DNA fragments that can be found in soil, water or air samples. The concept of eDNA is based on the fact that organisms constantly leave organic traces behind them. By analysing the eDNA, researchers can detect the presence of any species in that area. This method is a valuable technique for biodiversity monitoring and ecological research.    Unlike traditional methods that involve direct observation or capturing of organisms, eDNA analysis allows researchers to study biodiversity without directly interacting with the species. This non-invasive approach is particularly useful for studying elusive or endangered species. eDNA analysis has been applied in various ecosystems, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments. It is used to study aquatic org...
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Everything to know about New General Catalogue (NGC)

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Many of us have heard or read about astronomical objects whose official names are starting with NGC, like NGC 1976, NGC 1952 etc. But what actually this NGC means? NGC is one of the most historic catalogues of deep space objects ever created in history. The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC) is a list of deep space astronomical objects created by John Dreyer. This catalogue has 7,840 astronomical objects listed including galaxies, nebulae, black holes, clusters etc. It's obvious that Dreyer himself has not discovered all the 7,840 objects. The journey was started many years ago by William Herschel and his sister Caroline. They both located and observed more than 1000 objects in the deep space. They published the first catalogue which contained around 2500 objects. John Herschel, Willian's son also located and discovered many astronomical objects. He catalogued objects even more than his father's discovery. He published his catalogue which contains ...
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Everything You Need To Know About the Kardashev Scale

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  Everyone is talking about the development of our civilization. But how to measure the extent of our development? In order to measure the extent of development and technological advancement of any civilization Soviet astronomer, Nikolai Kardashev in 1964 proposed a theory. This theory measures the extent of development by the amount of energy a civilization can utilize for technological advancement. Many astronomers argued by considering it completely hypothetical. They believed that we cannot measure the extent of advancement until we find out any extraterrestrial civilisation. While many astronomers strongly believed in this theory. They believed that the type of civilisations mentioned in the Kardashev Scale might exist in some distant galaxies.  Kardashev ranked the advancement of civilisation into three categories. However, a hypothetical fourth type of civilisation was also included by some astrophysicists. These types are: Type I civilisation Type II civilisation Type ...
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