SciGaze Group

          Observing the universe with a normal telescope in the visible spectrum has many limitations. The motion in Earth's atmosphere distorts most of the radiations. Furthermore, the atmosphere blocks ultraviolet, infrared and higher frequency radiation. Ground-based telescopes cannot catch the radiations coming from distant stars or galaxies. Even if we perform observations through telescopes orbiting the Earth in the visible spectrum, many radiations of different frequencies will still not be detected. The addition of X-rays in astronomy bought a new revolution. The use of X-rays in astronomy began in the 1920s and by 1940 special instruments capable of detecting X-rays were completely in use. From 1920 to 1980, the capability of these detectors was greatly increased.       X-rays are expected to be emitted from astronomical objects with very high temperatures, in the range of millions of kelvins. The sun is a large source of X-rays but earlier it was not detected because thes

Voyager has launched 4 decades ago and every new day it is creating a new record. The duo Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are the first spacecraft to leave the Solar System. They visited Jovian planets in the 70s and 80s. In the past decade, both the spacecraft were first to reach the interstellar medium (the void space between the stars). The magnetic field and other phenomena of the interstellar medium have shocked astronomers. The discoveries by the Voyager duo beyond the Solar System gave a new direction to the astronomers. Especially the predictions on the concept of the heliosphere. The spacecraft has offered many clues regarding the predictions of the heliosphere. However, the Voyager duo was not the first to reach the giant planets beyond Mars. The credit goes to Pioneers 10 and 11. Pioneer 10 was launched in 1972 and Pioneer 11 in 1973. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to reach Jupiter and planets beyond it. After following a shorter route than Voyager 2, the Voyager 1 reached Jupi

The accelerated expansion of the Universe and the discovery of Dark Energy are considered two of the greatest unsolved problems of modern astronomy. In the search for dark energy, X-ray telescopes will play a major role. XMM Newton and Chandra Telescope are currently playing a major role in searching the dark energy. There are two possible effects of dark energy on the universe. First is its effect on the rate of expansion and second is its impact on the large-scale structures (LSS). On large scale, the universe cannot be described through a single galaxy or star. If we keep zooming out the universe, we will find a star, then a group of stars, then the galaxy, then the group of galaxies. The farthest limit is a cluster of galaxies that expands billions of light-years (Cosmic Microwave Background). This is the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. Astronomers, by studying the LSS can find the strength of gravity in the Universe. They have also created a theoretical model of dark energy

  The Combustion Method Why do we select the combustion method for the preparation of Hexa-ferrite?               The advantage of the combustion method for the preparation of the hexaferrite is that we get the precursor material in a quick and easy manner, without any special setup or complicated chemical reaction, in contrast with some of the other methods used for the preparation of hexaferrite.   Combustion Method:- The mixture containing the solution of salts, ammonia, and citric acid at pH 7 was evaporated to dryness on a hot plate, at which point a self-propagating decomposition occurred. A violent exothermic reaction ignited and a foamy mass swelled up that propagated through the entire sample within a few seconds after which CO2 evolved and citric acid got polymerized and the cations got converted completely to alpha-Fe2O3 and BaCO3. The violent exothermic reaction that occurred first is the combustion of the NH4NO3 formed in the neutralization of the solution, a